What is de-industrialisation?

De-industrialisation refers specifically to the decline of a country's traditional manufacturing industry. This process typically involves a reduction in industrial activity and can lead to the closure of factories, loss of jobs in manufacturing sectors, and a shift towards a service-based economy.

As economies evolve, particularly in developed nations, many traditional industries such as textiles and heavy manufacturing may become less economically viable due to factors like globalization, technological advancements, and changing consumer preferences. This decline can significantly impact local economies and communities that have historically relied on these industries for employment and economic stability.

The other choices represent different economic phenomena. The growth of new industries in urban areas relates to urbanization and economic development rather than de-industrialisation. The establishment of new trade markets pertains to international trade dynamics and opportunities for business rather than the decline of manufacturing. Lastly, the process of making industries more environmentally friendly focuses on sustainability efforts within existing industries, which does not capture the essence of de-industrialisation itself.